Note that IANA Communications Lawyer. There are probably more recent laws and more relevant rulings, I just did a search at the FCC Website and that was the first cite that popped up. Since they still list it, I'm willing to bet it's more or less still relevant.
Jamming wouldn't be very effective. They would have to block the entire 800, 900, 1800 and 1900 MHz bands to get all cellulars, with enough power that they would splatter them within at least 1/2 mile around the facility (if not more) - and that would miss things like Nextel iDEN service, commercial radio, amateur radio, and other services. And if they have the capability to do spread spectrum that would make it even harder to stop.
If the prisoners are making illegal communications from a contraband phone or other device inside a prison, they probably don't care that they are not operating in the proper band on an assigned channel, they'll use whatever they can make work. Aircraft, marine, military, CB, FRS or GMRS, an unused broadcast TV channel ...
Heck, avoid radio -- use a modulated IR laser beam aimed out a window to a transceiver secreted on a nearby hilltop. (Or rooftop in an urban setting.)
If they want to stop those communications, they need to attack them at the source: regularly lock the cellblocks down and do top to bottom strip searches of prisoners and the cells & common areas, severely restrict the types and amounts of prisoner personal property allowed in the cells to approved items only -- like special TV and Radio sets with clear cases sold in the canteen. Trashing any even slightly questionable items. And let the ACLU lawsuits commence ...
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