For some special reading this weekend, I have selected -- not from our own Archives -- but from _Telecom History_ in 1995, a story I thought you might be interested in.
Lisa M.
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For A Brief Shining Moment: The Lorimer Brothers and Machine Telephony By Jean-Guy Rens Published in Telecom History, 1995 - 1.
Before the separation of Northern Telecom (then Northern Electric) from Western Electric following the Consent Decree between American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T) and the Justice Department in 1956, Canada was a technological wasteland from a telecommunications standpoint. All innovation was imported from the U.S. by Canadian companies that simply manufactured the new products under license.
But there was one notable exception: the Lorimer brothers' commercially brief but technologically shining adventure with switching at the turn of the century.
Following invention of the step-by-step switch by Almon B. Strowger in
1889, the U.S. telecommunications industry went into technological overdrive. Unfortunately, all the switching systems developed at that time, including step-by-step, had one common drawback: they grew ever more complex as the number of subscribers required ever more wires, posing an insurmountable problem not only for manufacturers but above all for system operators.Callender the Pioneer
The most significant alternative to step-by-step came from Canada. The first of the Canadian competitors, Romaine Callender, was closely associated with Alexander Graham Bell. Callender taught music and manufactured organs in Brantford, Ontario, and his main claim to fame was having built an automatic organ player. Then he founded the Callender Telephone Exchange Company, a modest undertaking which, at the height of its activities, employed 14 people, among them two young brothers, George William and James Hoyt Lorimer, from the nearby village of St. George. Their father had died at an early age, and the eldest brother, George, went to work as a telephone operator. Hoyt had begun his law studies, but then became fascinated with the telephone and convinced his older brother to get involved in research work under Callender.
Between 1892 and 1896, Callender took out three series of patents. His first two switches, tested in Brantford, were such complete failures that he had to try and raise money in New York, where he opened a new shop in the spring of 1894. The Lorimer brothers followed him there, and work began again, under slightly more auspicious conditions.
Notwithstanding Hoyt's frail health due to bouts of typhoid, the first successful experiment took place in New York in January 1895 using a wooden model known alternately as the Brantford Exchange or the Callender Exchange. A dozen calls were put through automatically which, for the time, was considered an amazing phenomenon.
The little team then returned to Brantford at the request of their Canadian backers. It is not entirely clear why Callender gave up his research activities, but he left Canada for England in July or August
1896 where he formed a company under the name Callender Rapid Telephone Company, of which all trace has been lost. The Lorimer brothers carried on his research work and, after considerable financial difficulties, they opened their own company, Canadian Machine Telephone, in Peterborough, Ontario, in March 1897. There they produced the first commercial version of the Callender Exchange, which was put into service by an independent telephone company in Troy, Ohio, in 1897.The system the Lorimers sold to the American company was so rudimentary that it still needed major development, and a workshop was set up in nearby Piqua to handle the work. An experimental switching system built in the Piqua shop was used as an internal switchboard in the shop. The Lorimer brothers continued to work on their system, to the point where it bore no further resemblance to the one developed by their former boss Callender. By the end of 1899, a definitive commercial model of the switchboard was finally ready. Shortly after this, the Lorimers enlarged their Piqua shop into a true production facility, which they named the American Machine Telephone, and it was this name they used in their international activities. They took out their own patent in the U.S. in 1900 and the following year in Canada, and launched a brisk marketing program for their new switches; too brisk, perhaps, as the systems were never completely satisfactory.
The Lorimer Brothers Launch a Canadian Switching System
The "mechanical genius" of the Lorimer family, as the newspapers of the time had christened him, was Hoyt. He died of typhoid fever on November 6, 1901, at the age of 25, completely exhausted from overwork. The youngest Lorimer brother, Egbert, then joined the company, but the creative spark was lost, and there were no further advances. And yet, the Lorimer brothers seem to have been effective salesmen. They had a switching system with several hundred lines on display for two months in Ottawa. The leading Canadian telecommunications consultant at the time, engineer Francis Dagger, made a report to the Toronto City Hall with a strong recommendation to test the Lorimer technology:
"Those who have been privileged to see this system in operation and to inspect the manufacturing plant at Piqua, Ohio, are forced to admit that, as far as human intelligence is competent to pass judgment in such matters, the problem of machine telephony is solved, and a result, a new era is about to open in which the largest exchanges will be able to give service at rates which, with manual systems, would never have been possible."
It even appears that Canadian Machine Telephone moved its plant from Peterborough to Toronto in hopes of winning a city contract for a
6,000-line switching system with the capacity to expand to 10,000 lines. But City Hall gave up its telephone service plans and the Lorimer brothers had to fall back on small independent companies in Ontario. In 1905, Lorimer switches went into operation in Peterborough, where the Canadian manufacturing plant was located, and in Brantford, home of the former Callender plant. By 1908, other systems were installed in Burford, Saint George and Lindsay, all in Ontario. But the biggest Lorimer switchboard ever installed, with 500 lines, appears to have been in Augusta, Georgia.What Canadian Machine Telephone needed was a major client to act as a technological showcase. When the Edmonton Telephone Department placed an order with the Lorimers in 1906, the brothers thought their day had finally come. But they were unable to produce a model to suit the customer's requirements, and the cutover was delayed from month to month. After waiting for two years, Edmonton turned to the Strowger solution, depriving the Lorimer brothers of the chance to provide service to the Alberta capital. Automatic Electric got the contract and installed a step-by-step switching system in two months flat. Compared to the Strowger professionals, the Lorimer brothers looked like rank amateurs.
The three reasons for Edmonton's initial choice are, however, of interest: the cost of a Lorimer line was only $34, compared to $40 for a Strowger line; the system took up only half as much space, and its centralized technology seemed more simple and elegant than the competitor, even if connection time was slightly longer.
Apart from these unpromising "sales", this Canadian technology met with some successf overseas. The European rights were transferred to a French concern that in May 1908 set up the Société Internationale de l'Autocommutateur Lorimer, with European headquarters in the Galerie Vivienne in Paris. France purchased two switching systems, Britain another two, and Italy one. Despite all these efforts, the system was not adopted by the Post, Telegraph and Telephone (PTT) organizations in these countries, since it consistently failed to prove sufficiently reliable. Also lacking was the polish that could only have been provided by the type of powerful research team that produced the Strowger system. To make things worse, Canadian Machine Telephone never seemed to be able to deliver in any reasonable length of time, as shown in the Edmonton example. The company finally declared bankruptcy in 1923 and was placed in receivership. Bell acquired the company two years later.
The Callender-Lorimer Technology
If the Lorimer brothers deserve mention in the history of telecommunications, it is much more for their theoretical contribution than for their business sense. Their principles have influenced the entire process of electromechanical switch development, in particular the AT&T systems. When that company went automatic, it adopted technology derived from the Lorimer principles. International switching specialist Robert J. Chapuis enthusiastically recounts this little-known historical fact:
"Onto the vigorous and resilient sapling planted by the Lorimer brothers, Western Electric engineers proceeded to graft the shoot that would turn it into a healthy and productive fruit tree."
The great innovation of the Lorimer switch is in fact a Callender concept, the principle of preselection. Instead of having as many connection mechanisms as there are subscriber lines, the Callender system is based on the principle that people do not all make calls at the same time and thus use only a small percentage of connection mechanisms. This results in the use of about 90% less mechanical equipment. As well, the great challenge in the early days of automatic switching was speed, so that customers would not have to wait too long for a dial tone. Introduced by Callender in 1893, this innovation was later adopted by all switch manufacturers, including Strowger.
More generally, the Callender-Lorimer system is based on the action of a perpetually turning wheel. Contacts are established by stopping the movement of the wheel at a place that corresponds to each number dialled. Only one motion is needed to select a contact instead of two as in the step-by-step system. The Lorimer switch was also entirely modular, with panels containing 100 lines, making it simple to increase the capacity of a system rather than replacing it as the number of customers grew.
Instead of a dial, the Lorimer telephone set itself had a series of levers, one each for units, tens, hundreds and thousands. All the caller had to do was move each of the four levers to the desired figure to make up the telephone number. This process was modelled on systems like those used in railway signals or cash registers. Another advantage was that the telephone set did not need batteries, since it was powered by a central battery system.
One of the main criticisms of automatic exchanges was the fact that subscribers were required to perform highly complex operations. This was why it was important to design a telephone that would be as simple as possible to operate. The Lorimer sets seemed to meet this requirement.
Historical Impact of the Lorimer Research
The Lorimer technology was the last work in automatic switching at the turn of the century. Observers at the time were quick to recognize this Canadian contribution, and the American expert Kempster B. Miller wrote in 1914:
"These young men, with no prior training and 'so they say' without ever having seen the inside of a telephone exchange, invented and developed the system in question and put it into operation. Knowing something of their struggles and efforts to achieve their purpose, we find their creation one of the most remarkable we have ever seen, whatever the value of the system."
Further proof of this recognition is found in a 1925 opinion expressed by Professor Fritz Lubberger, a German telephone switching specialist:
"In Canada towards 1900, the Lorimer brothers invented a system which, although it has not been introduced anywhere, is of such richly inventive design that even today any specialist in automatic systems would benefit from studying it in detail."
But the most convincing proof of the value of the Lorimer brothers' research came from AT&T. In 1903, the American giant bought the Lorimer patent and decided to turn what had until then been just another piece of laboratory equipment into a commercially viable product. They put not one, but two research teams on the project, which produced two of the most popular systems in the history of electromechanical switching, the Panel and the Rotary. Both used the Lorimer principle of one-step selection, and the Rotary switch also used the principle of the permanently rotating motor (thus its name).
AT&T chose the Panel system and used in the majority of large U.S. cities until the 1950s, when it began to be replaced by the crossbar. It was never used outside the United States. The Rotary system, on the other hand, won the approval of many European telephone administrations, particularly in France. When ITT bought Western Electric's International Division in 1925, it also inherited its Rotary production lines. The principles of the Lorimer system thus passed into international posterity, both in the U.S. and Europe, but the Lorimers themselves won no posthumous fame until the very recent rediscovery of their work by Robert Chapuis.
A legitimate question would be why the Lorimer brothers' switching system sank into such total oblivion. Most telephone engineers have never even heard of their technology. Chapuis has an interesting suggestion:
"The reason for its posthumous eclipse is that most of the works published on switching describe former or existing systems of telecommunications manufacturing companies that were well established, which ... was soon no longer the position of the Lorimer brothers' company."
Whatever the true answer, it is still intriguing to note that Canada's only technological contribution to the development of telecommunications before the contemporary period was in the field of electromechanical switching. Three-quarters of a century later, Northern Telecom was to repeat this exploit with the DMS digital switch, although this time with considerably more commercial success. Switches are the brains of a network. They are the key to its development. The inescapable conclusion, is that Canadians, separated as they are by such vast distances, realized that the mastery of telecommunications was essential to their survival as a society. And the switch, as the key to the system, was also the key to this mastery and thus their survival.
Excerpt from Chapter 8 of the - Birth of Northern Telecom and technological progress, in particular sub-chapters:
The true inventor of Brantford The Lorimer brothers launch a Canadian switch Outline of Callender-Lorimer technology The Lorimer brothers' work lives on
Copyright ScienceTech Communications Inc. Montreal, 1995-2005