Linksys BEFW11S4 user guide: Appendix A: Troubleshooting

Appendix A: Troubleshooting

This appendix consists of two parts: “Common Problems and Solutions” and “Frequently Asked Questions.” Provided are possible solutions to problems that may occur during the installation and operation of the Router. Read the descriptions below to help you solve your problems. If you can’t find an answer here, check the Linksys website at www.linksys.com.

Common Problems and Solutions

1. I need to set a static IP address on a PC. You can assign a static IP address to a PC by performing the following steps:
   • For Windows 98 and Me:
     1. Click Start, Settings, and Control Panel. Double-click Network.
     2. In The following network components are installed box, select the TCP/IP-> associated with your Ethernet adapter. If you only have one Ethernet adapter installed, you will only see one TCP/IP line with no association to an Ethernet adapter. Highlight it and click the Properties button.
     3. In the TCP/IP properties window, select the IP address tab, and select Specify an IP address. Enter a unique IP address that is not used by any other computer on the network connected to the Router. Make sure that each IP address is unique for each PC or network device.
     4. Click the Gateway tab, and in the New Gateway prompt, enter 192.168.1.1, which is the default IP address of the Router. Click the Add button to accept the entry.
     5. Click the DNS tab, and make sure the DNS Enabled option is selected. Enter the Host and Domain names (e.g., John for Host and home for Domain). Enter the DNS entry provided by your ISP. If your ISP has not provided the DNS IP address, contact your ISP to get that information or go to its website for the information.
     6. Click the OK button in the TCP/IP properties window, and click Close or the OK button for the Network window.
     7. Restart the computer when asked.
   • For Windows 2000:
     1. Click Start, Settings, and Control Panel. Double-click Network and Dial-Up Connections.
     2. Right-click the Local Area Connection that is associated with the Ethernet adapter you are using, and select the Properties option.
     3. In the Components checked are used by this connection box, highlight Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), and click the Properties button. Select Use the following IP address option.
     4. Enter a unique IP address that is not used by any other computer on the network connected to the Router.
     5. Enter the Subnet Mask, 255.255.255.0.
     6. Enter the Default Gateway, 192.168.1.1 (Router’s default IP address).

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7. Toward the bottom of the window, select Use the following DNS server addresses, and enter the Preferred DNS server and Alternative DNS server (provided by your ISP). Contact your ISP or go on its website to find the information.
8. Click the OK button in the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window, and click the OK button in the Local Area Connection Properties window.
9. Restart the computer if asked.

• For Windows XP: The following instructions assume you are running Windows XP with the default interface. If you are using the Classic interface (where the icons and menus look like previous Windows versions), please follow the instructions for Windows 2000.

1. Click Start and Control Panel.
2. Click the Network and Internet Connections icon and then the Network Connections icon.
3. Right-click the Local Area Connection that is associated with the Ethernet adapter you are using, and select the Properties option.
4. In the This connection uses the following items box, highlight Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Click the Properties button.
5. Enter a unique IP address that is not used by any other computer on the network connected to the Router.
6. Enter the Subnet Mask, 255.255.255.0.
7. Enter the Default Gateway, 192.168.1.1 (Router’s default IP address).
8. Toward the bottom of the window, select Use the following DNS server addresses, and enter the Preferred DNS server and Alternative DNS server (provided by your ISP). Contact your ISP or go on its website to find the information.
9. Click the OK button in the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window. Click the OK button in the Local Area Connection Properties window.

2. I want to test my Internet connection. A. Check your TCP/IP settings. For Windows 98, Me, 2000, and XP:

• Refer to “Chapter 5: Configuring the Wireless-B Broadband Router” for details. Make sure Obtain IP address automatically is selected in the settings. B. Open a command prompt. For Windows 98 and Me:
• Click Start and Run. In the Open field, type in command. Press the Enter key or click the OK button. For Windows 2000 and XP:
• Click Start and Run. In the Open field, type cmd. Press the Enter key or click the OK button. In the command prompt, type ping 192.168.1.1 and press the Enter key.
• If you get a reply, the computer is communicating with the Router.
• If you do NOT get a reply, please check the cable, and make sure Obtain an IP address automatically is selected in the TCP/IP settings for your Ethernet adapter.

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C. In the command prompt, type ping followed by your Internet or Internet IP address and press the Enter key. The Internet or Internet IP Address can be found on the Status screen of the Router’s web-based utility. For example, if your Internet or Internet IP address is 1.2.3.4, you would enter ping 1.2.3.4 and press the Enter key.

• If you get a reply, the computer is connected to the Router.
• If you do NOT get a reply, try the ping command from a different computer to verify that your original computer is not the cause of the problem.

D. In the command prompt, type ping www.yahoo.com and press the Enter key.

• If you get a reply, the computer is connected to the Internet. If you cannot open a webpage, try the ping command from a different computer to verify that your original computer is not the cause of the problem.
• If you do NOT get a reply, there may be a problem with the connection. Try the ping command from a different computer to verify that your original computer is not the cause of the problem.

5. I am not getting an IP address on the Internet with my Internet connection.

• Refer to “Problem #2, I want to test my Internet connection” to verify that you have connectivity.
  1. If you need to register the MAC address of your Ethernet adapter with your ISP, please see “Appendix E: Finding the MAC address and IP Address for Your Ethernet Adapter.” If you need to clone the MAC address of your Ethernet adapter onto the Router, see the System section of “Chapter 5: Configuring the Wireless-B Broadband Router” for details.
  2. Make sure you are using the right Internet connection settings. Contact your ISP to see if your Internet connection type is DHCP, Static IP Address, or PPPoE (commonly used by DSL consumers). Please refer to the Setup section of “Chapter 5: Configuring the Wireless-B Broadband Router” for details on Internet connection settings.
  3. Make sure you have the right cable. Check to see if the Internet column has a solidly lit Link/Act LED.
  4. Make sure the cable connecting from your cable or DSL modem is connected to the Router’s Internet port. Verify that the Status page of the Router’s web-based utility shows a valid IP address from your ISP.
  5. Turn off the computer, Router, and cable/DSL modem. Wait 30 seconds, and then turn on the Router, cable/DSL modem, and computer. Check the Status tab of the Router’s web-based utility to see if you get an IP address.

6. I am not able to access the Setup page of the Router’s web-based utility.

• Refer to “Problem #2, I want to test my Internet connection” to verify that your computer is properly connected to the Router.
  1. Refer to “Appendix E: Finding the MAC Address and IP address for Your Ethernet Adapter” to verify that your computer has an IP Address, Subnet Mask, Gateway, and DNS.
  2. Set a static IP address on your system; refer to “Problem #1: I need to set a static IP address.”
  3. Refer to “Problem #10: I need to remove the proxy settings or the dial-up pop-up window (for PPPoE users).”

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7. I need to set up a server behind my Router and make it available to the public. To use a server like a web, ftp, or mail server, you need to know the respective port numbers they are using. For example, port 80 (HTTP) is used for web; port 21 (FTP) is used for FTP, and port 25 (SMTP outgoing) and port 110 (POP3 incoming) are used for the mail server. You can get more information by viewing the documentation provided with the server you installed.

• Follow these steps to set up port forwarding through the Router's web-based utility. We will be setting up web, ftp, and mail servers.
  1. Access the Router's web-based utility by going to http://192.168.1.1 or the IP address of the Router. Go to the Applications & Gaming => Port Forwarding tab.
  2. Enter any name you want to use for the Customized Application.
  3. Enter the External Port range of the service you are using. For example, if you have a web server, you would enter the range 80 to 80.
  4. Check the protocol you will be using, TCP and/or UDP.
  5. Enter the IP address of the PC or network device that you want the port server to go to. For example, if the web server's Ethernet adapter IP address is 192.168.1.100, you would enter 100 in the field provided. Check "Appendix E: Finding the MAC Address and IP Address for Your Ethernet Adapter" for details on getting an IP address.
  6. Check the Enable option for the port services you want to use. Consider the example below:

\begin{tabular}{llllll} Customized & External Port & TCP & UDP & IP Address & Enable \ Application & & & & & \ Web server & 80 to 80 & X & X & 192.168.1.100 & X \ FTP server & 21 to 21 & X & & 192.168.1.101 & X \ SMTP (outgoing) & 25 to 25 & X & X & 192.168.1.102 & X \ POP3 (incoming) & 110 to 110 & X & X & 192.168.1.102 & X \ \end{tabular}

When you have completed the configuration, click the Save Settings button.

8. I need to set up online game hosting or use other Internet applications. If you want to play online games or use Internet applications, most will work without doing any port forwarding or DMZ hosting. There may be cases when you want to host an online game or Internet application. This would require you to set up the Router to deliver incoming packets or data to a specific computer. This also applies to the Internet applications you are using. The best way to get the information on what port services to use is to go to the website of the online game or application you want to use. Follow these steps to set up online game hosting or use a certain Internet application:

1. Access the Router's web interface by going to http://192.168.1.1 or the IP address of the Router. Go to the Applications & Gaming => Port Forwarding tab.
2. Enter any name you want to use for the Customized Application.

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3. Enter the External Port range of the service you are using. For example, if you want to host Unreal Tournament (UT), you would enter the range 7777 to 27900.

4. Check the protocol you will be using, TCP and/or UDP.

5. Enter the IP address of the PC or network device that you want the port server to go to. For example, if the web server’s Ethernet adapter IP address is 192.168.1.100, you would enter 100 in the field provided. Check “Appendix E: Finding the MAC Address and IP Address for Your Ethernet Adapter” for details on getting an IP address.

6. Check the Enable option for the port services you want to use. Consider the example below:

When you have completed the configuration, click the Save Settings button.

9. I can’t get the Internet game, server, or application to work.

If you are having difficulties getting any Internet game, server, or application to function properly, consider exposing one PC to the Internet using DeMilitarized Zone (DMZ) hosting. This option is available when an application requires too many ports or when you are not sure which port services to use. Make sure you disable all the forwarding entries if you want to successfully use DMZ hosting, since forwarding has priority over DMZ hosting. (In other words, data that enters the Router will be checked first by the forwarding settings. If the port number that the data enters from does not have port forwarding, then the Router will send the data to whichever PC or network device you set for DMZ hosting.)

• Follow these steps to set DMZ hosting:

  1. Access the Router’s web-based utility by going to http://192.168.1.1 or the IP address of the Router. Go to the Applications & Gaming => Port Forwarding tab.

  2. Disable or remove the entries you have entered for forwarding. Keep this information in case you want to use it at a later time.

  3. Go to the Applications & Gaming => DMZ tab.

  4. Select Enable next to DMZ. In the DMZ Host IP Address field, enter the IP address of the computer you want exposed to the Internet. This will bypass the NAT technology for that computer. Please refer to “Appendix E: Finding the MAC Address and IP Address for Your Ethernet Adapter” for details on getting an IP address.

• Once completed with the configuration, click the Apply button.

10. I forgot my password, or the password prompt always appears when I am saving settings to the Router.

Appendix A: Troubleshooting
Common Problems and Solutions

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• Reset the Router to factory default by pressing the Reset button for 10 seconds and then releasing it. If you are still getting prompted for a password when saving settings, then perform the following steps:
  1. Access the Router’s web-based utility by going to http://192.168.1.1 or the IP address of the Router. Enter the default password admin, and click the Administrations => Management tab.
  2. Enter a different password in the Router Password field, and enter the same password in the second field to confirm the password.
  3. Click the Save Settings button.

11. I am a PPPoE user, and I need to remove the proxy settings or the dial-up pop-up window. If you have proxy settings, you need to disable these on your computer. Because the Router is the gateway for the Internet connection, the computer does not need any proxy settings to gain access. Please follow these directions to verify that you do not have any proxy settings and that the browser you use is set to connect directly to the LAN.

• For Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.0 or higher:
  1. Click Start, Settings, and Control Panel. Double-click Internet Options.
  2. Click the Connections tab.
  3. Click the LAN settings button and remove anything that is checked.
  4. Click the OK button to go back to the previous screen.
  5. Click the option Never dial a connection. This will remove any dial-up pop-ups for PPPoE users.
• For Netscape 4.7 or higher:
  1. Start Netscape Navigator, and click Edit, Preferences, Advanced, and Proxies.
  2. Make sure you have Direct connection to the Internet selected on this screen.
  3. Close all the windows to finish.

12. To start over, I need to set the Router to factory default. Hold the Reset button for 10 seconds and then release it. This will return the password, forwarding, and other settings on the Router to the factory default settings. In other words, the Router will revert to its original factory configuration.

13. I need to upgrade the firmware. In order to upgrade the firmware with the latest features, you need to go to the Linksys website and download the latest firmware at www.linksys.com.

• Follow these steps:
  1. Go to the Linksys website at http://www.linksys.com/international and download the latest firmware.
  2. To upgrade the firmware, follow the steps in “Appendix C: Upgrading Firmware.”

14. The firmware upgrade failed, and/or the Power LED is flashing. The upgrade could have failed for a number of reasons. Follow these steps to upgrade the firmware and/or make the Power LED stop flashing:

Appendix A: Troubleshooting Common Problems and Solutions 36

• If the firmware upgrade failed, use the TFTP program (it was downloaded along with the firmware). Open the pdf that was downloaded along with the firmware and TFTP program, and follow the pdf's instructions.
• Set a static IP address on the PC; refer to "Problem #1, I need to set a static IP address." Use the following IP address settings for the computer you are using: IP Address: 192.168.1.50 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 Gateway: 192.168.1.1
• Perform the upgrade using the TFTP program or the Router's web-based utility through its System tab.

15. My DSL service's PPPoE is always disconnecting. PPPoE is not actually a dedicated or always-on connection. The DSL ISP can disconnect the service after a period of inactivity, just like a normal phone dial-up connection to the Internet.

• There is a setup option to "keep alive" the connection. This may not always work, so you may need to re-establish connection periodically.
  1. To connect to the Router, go to the web browser, and enter http://192.168.1.1 or the IP address of the Router.
  2. Enter the password, if asked. (The default password is admin.)
  3. On the Setup screen, select the option Keep Alive, and set the Redial Period option at 20 (seconds).
  4. Click the Save Settings button.
  5. Click the Status tab, and click the Connect button.
  6. You may see the login status display as Connecting. Press the F5 key to refresh the screen, until you see the login status display as Connected.
• Click the Save Settingsy button to continue.
• If the connection is lost again, follow steps 1- 6 to re-establish connection.

16. I can't access my e-mail, web or I am getting corrupted data from the Internet. The Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) setting may need to be adjusted. By default, the MTU is set at 1500. For most DSL users, it is strongly recommended to use MTU 1492.

• If you are having some difficulties, perform the following steps:
  1. To connect to the Router, go to the web browser, and enter http://192.168.1.1 or the IP address of the Router.
  2. Enter the password, if asked. (The default password is admin.)
  3. Look for the MTU option, and select Manual. In the Size field, enter 1492.
  4. Click the Save Settings button to continue.
• If your difficulties continue, change the Size to different values. Try this list of values, one value at a time, in this order, until your problem is solved: 1462, 1400, 1362, 1300

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17. The Power LED keeps flashing. The Power LED flashes when the device is first powered up. Meantime, the system will boot up itself and check for proper operation. After finishing the checking procedure, the LED stays solid to show that the system is working fine. If the LED keeps flashing after this time, the device is not working properly. Try to flash the firmware by assigning a static IP address to the computer, and then upgrade the firmware. Try using the following settings, IP Address: 192.168.1.50 and Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0.

18. When I enter a URL or IP address, I get a time-out error or am prompted to retry.

• Check if other PCs work. If they do, ensure that your workstation’s IP settings are correct (IP Address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway, and DNS). Restart the computer that is having a problem.
• If the PCs are configured correctly, but still not working, check the Router. Ensure that it is connected and powered on. Connect to it and check its settings. (If you cannot connect to it, check the LAN and power connections.)
• If the Router is configured correctly, check your Internet connection (DSL/cable modem, etc.) to see if it is working correctly. You can remove the Router to verify a direct connection.
• Manually configure the TCP/IP settings with a DNS address provided by your ISP.
• Make sure that your browser is set to connect directly and that any dial-up is disabled. For Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options, and then the Connection tab. Make sure that Internet Explorer is set to Never dial a connection. For Netscape Navigator, click Edit, Preferences, Advanced, and Proxy. Make sure that Netscape Navigator is set to Direct connection to the Internet.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the maximum number of IP addresses that the Router will support? The Router will support up to 253 IP addresses.

Is IPSec Pass-Through supported by the Router? Yes, it is a built-in feature that the Router automatically enables.

Where is the Router installed on the network? In a typical environment, the Router is installed between the cable/DSL modem and the LAN. Plug the Router into the cable/DSL modem’s Ethernet port.

Does the Router support IPX or AppleTalk? No. TCP/IP is the only protocol standard for the Internet and has become the global standard for communications. IPX, a NetWare communications protocol used only to route messages from one node to another, and AppleTalk, a communications protocol used on Apple and Macintosh networks, can be used for LAN to LAN connections, but those protocols cannot connect from the Internet to a LAN.

Appendix A: Troubleshooting Frequently Asked Questions 38

Does the Internet connection of the Router support 100Mbps Ethernet? The Router’s current hardware design supports up to 100Mbps Ethernet on its Internet port; however, the Internet connection speed will vary depending on the speed of your broadband connection. The Router also supports 100Mbps over the auto-sensing Fast Ethernet 10/100 switch on the LAN side of the Router.

What is Network Address Translation and what is it used for? Network Address Translation (NAT) translates multiple IP addresses on the private LAN to one public address that is sent out to the Internet. This adds a level of security since the address of a PC connected to the private LAN is never transmitted on the Internet. Furthermore, NAT allows the Router to be used with low cost Internet accounts, such as DSL or cable modems, when only one TCP/IP address is provided by the ISP. The user may have many private addresses behind this single address provided by the ISP.

Does the Router support any operating system other than Windows 98, Windows Millennium, Windows 2000, or Windows XP? Yes, but Linksys does not, at this time, provide technical support for setup, configuration or troubleshooting of any non-Windows operating systems.

Does the Router support ICQ send file? Yes, with the following fix: click ICQ menu -> preference -> connections tab->, and check I am behind a firewall or proxy. Then set the firewall time-out to 80 seconds in the firewall setting. The Internet user can then send a file to a user behind the Router.

I set up an Unreal Tournament Server, but others on the LAN cannot join. What do I need to do? If you have a dedicated Unreal Tournament server running, you need to create a static IP for each of the LAN computers and forward ports 7777, 7778, 7779, 7780, 7781, and 27900 to the IP address of the server. You can also use a port forwarding range of 7777 ~ 27900. If you want to use the UT Server Admin, forward another port. (Port 8080 usually works well but is used for remote admin. You may have to disable this.) Then in the [UWeb.WebServer] section of the server.ini file, set the ListenPort to 8080 (to match the mapped port above) and ServerName to the IP assigned to the Router from your ISP.

Can multiple gamers on the LAN get on one game server and play simultaneously with just one public IP address? It depends on which network game or what kind of game server you are using. For example, Unreal Tournament supports multi-login with one public IP.

How do I get Half-Life: Team Fortress to work with the Router? The default client port for Half-Life is 27005. The computers on your LAN need to have “+clientport 2700x” added to the HL shortcut command line; the x would be 6, 7, 8, and on up. This lets multiple computers connect to the same server. One problem: Version 1.0.1.6 won’t let multiple computers with the same CD key connect at

Appendix A: Troubleshooting Frequently Asked Questions 39

the same time, even if on the same LAN (not a problem with 1.0.1.3). As far as hosting games, the HL server does not need to be in the DMZ. Just forward port 27015 to the local IP address of the server computer.

How can I block corrupted FTP downloads? If you are experiencing corrupted files when you download a file with your FTP client, try using another FTP program.

The web page hangs; downloads are corrupt, or nothing but junk characters are being displayed on the screen. What do I need to do? Force your Ethernet adapter to 10Mbps or half duplex mode, and turn off the “Auto-negotiate” feature of your Ethernet adapter as a temporary measure. (Please look at the Network Control Panel in your Ethernet adapter’s Advanced Properties tab.) Make sure that your proxy setting is disabled in the browser. Check our website at www.linksys.com for more information.

If all else fails in the installation, what can I do? Reset the Router by holding down the reset button until the Power LED fully turns on and off. Reset your cable or DSL modem by powering the unit off and then on. Obtain and flash the latest firmware release that is readily available on the Linksys website, www.linksys.com.

How will I be notified of new Router firmware upgrades? All Linksys firmware upgrades are posted on the Linksys website at www.linksys.com, where they can be downloaded for free. To upgrade the Router’s firmware, use the System tab of the Router’s web-based utility. If the Router’s Internet connection is working well, there is no need to download a newer firmware version, unless that version contains new features that you would like to use. Downloading a more current version of Router firmware will not enhance the quality or speed of your Internet connection, and may disrupt your current connection stability.

Will the Router function in a Macintosh environment? Yes, but the Router’s setup pages are accessible only through Internet Explorer 4.0 or Netscape Navigator 4.0 or higher for Macintosh.

I am not able to get the web configuration screen for the Router. What can I do? You may have to remove the proxy settings on your Internet browser, e.g., Netscape Navigator or Internet Explorer. Or remove the dial-up settings on your browser. Check with your browser documentation, and make sure that your browser is set to connect directly and that any dial-up is disabled. Make sure that your browser is set to connect directly and that any dial-up is disabled. For Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options, and then the Connection tab. Make sure that Internet Explorer is set to Never dial a connection. For Netscape Navigator, click Edit, Preferences, Advanced, and Proxy. Make sure that Netscape Navigator is set to Direct connection to the Internet.

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What is DMZ Hosting? Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) allows one IP address (computer) to be exposed to the Internet. Some applications require multiple TCP/IP ports to be open. It is recommended that you set your computer with a static IP if you want to use DMZ Hosting. To get the LAN IP address, see “Appendix E: Finding the MAC Address and IP Address for Your Ethernet Adapter.”

If DMZ Hosting is used, does the exposed user share the public IP with the Router? No.

Does the Router pass PPTP packets or actively route PPTP sessions? The Router allows PPTP packets to pass through.

Is the Router cross-platform compatible? Any platform that supports Ethernet and TCP/IP is compatible with the Router.

How many ports can be simultaneously forwarded? Theoretically, the Router can establish 520 sessions at the same time, but you can only forward 10 ranges of ports.

What are the advanced features of the Router? The Router’s advanced features include Advanced Wireless settings, Filters, Port Forwarding, Routing, and DDNS.

How do I get mIRC to work with the Router? Under the Port Forwarding tab, set port forwarding to 113 for the PC on which you are using mIRC.

Can the Router act as my DHCP server? Yes. The Router has DHCP server software built-in.

Can I run an application from a remote computer over the wireless network? This will depend on whether or not the application is designed to be used over a network. Consult the application’s documentation to determine if it supports operation over a network.

What is the IEEE 802.11g standard? It is one of the IEEE standards for wireless networks. The 802.11g standard allows wireless networking hardware from different manufacturers to communicate, provided that the hardware complies with the 802.11g standard. The 802.11g standard states a maximum data transfer rate of 54Mbps and an operating frequency of 2.4GHz.

What IEEE 802.11b features are supported? The product supports the following IEEE 802.11b functions:

• CSMA/CA plus Acknowledge protocol

Appendix A: Troubleshooting Frequently Asked Questions 41

• Multi-Channel Roaming
• Automatic Rate Selection
• RTS/CTS feature
• Fragmentation
• Power Management

What is ad-hoc mode? When a wireless network is set to ad-hoc mode, the wireless-equipped computers are configured to communicate directly with each other. The ad-hoc wireless network will not communicate with any wired network.

What is infrastructure mode? When a wireless network is set to infrastructure mode, the wireless network is configured to communicate with a wired network through a wireless access point.

What is roaming? Roaming is the ability of a portable computer user to communicate continuously while moving freely throughout an area greater than that covered by a single access point. Before using the roaming function, the workstation must make sure that it is the same channel number with the access point of dedicated coverage area.

To achieve true seamless connectivity, the wireless LAN must incorporate a number of different functions. Each node and access point, for example, must always acknowledge receipt of each message. Each node must maintain contact with the wireless network even when not actually transmitting data. Achieving these functions simultaneously requires a dynamic RF networking technology that links access points and nodes. In such a system, the user’s end node undertakes a search for the best possible access to the system. First, it evaluates such factors as signal strength and quality, as well as the message load currently being carried by each access point and the distance of each access point to the wired backbone. Based on that information, the node next selects the right access point and registers its address. Communications between end node and host computer can then be transmitted up and down the backbone.

As the user moves on, the end node’s RF transmitter regularly checks the system to determine whether it is in touch with the original access point or whether it should seek a new one. When a node no longer receives acknowledgment from its original access point, it undertakes a new search. Upon finding a new access point, it then re-registers, and the communication process continues.

What is ISM band? The FCC and their counterparts outside of the U.S. have set aside bandwidth for unlicensed use in the ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band. Spectrum in the vicinity of 2.4 GHz, in particular, is being made available worldwide. This presents a truly revolutionary opportunity to place convenient high-speed wireless capabilities in the hands of users around the globe.

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What is Spread Spectrum? Spread Spectrum technology is a wideband radio frequency technique developed by the military for use in reliable, secure, mission-critical communications systems. It is designed to trade off bandwidth efficiency for reliability, integrity, and security. In other words, more bandwidth is consumed than in the case of narrowband transmission, but the trade-off produces a signal that is, in effect, louder and thus easier to detect, provided that the receiver knows the parameters of the spread-spectrum signal being broadcast. If a receiver is not tuned to the right frequency, a spread-spectrum signal looks like background noise. There are two main alternatives, Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS).

What is DSSS? What is FHSS? And what are their differences? Frequency-Hopping Spread-Spectrum (FHSS) uses a narrowband carrier that changes frequency in a pattern that is known to both transmitter and receiver. Properly synchronized, the net effect is to maintain a single logical channel. To an unintended receiver, FHSS appears to be short-duration impulse noise. Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum (DSSS) generates a redundant bit pattern for each bit to be transmitted. This bit pattern is called a chip (or chipping code). The longer the chip, the greater the probability that the original data can be recovered. Even if one or more bits in the chip are damaged during transmission, statistical techniques embedded in the radio can recover the original data without the need for retransmission. To an unintended receiver, DSSS appears as low power wideband noise and is rejected (ignored) by most narrowband receivers.

Will the information be intercepted while it is being transmitted through the air? WLAN features two-fold protection in security. On the hardware side, as with Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum technology, it has the inherent security feature of scrambling. On the software side, WLAN offers the encryption function (WEP) to enhance security and access control.

What is WEP? WEP is Wired Equivalent Privacy, a data privacy mechanism based on a 64-bit or 128-bit shared key algorithm, as described in the IEEE 802.11 standard.

What is a MAC Address? The Media Access Control (MAC) address is a unique number assigned by the manufacturer to any Ethernet networking device, such as a network adapter, that allows the network to identify it at the hardware level. For all practical purposes, this number is usually permanent. Unlike IP addresses, which can change every time a computer logs onto the network, the MAC address of a device stays the same, making it a valuable identifier for the network.

How do I reset the Router? Press the Reset button on the back panel for about ten seconds. This will reset the Router to its default settings.

Appendix A: Troubleshooting Frequently Asked Questions 43

How do I resolve issues with signal loss? There is no way to know the exact range of your wireless network without testing. Every obstacle placed between the Router and a wireless PC will create signal loss. Lead glass, metal, concrete floors, water and walls will inhibit the signal and reduce range. Start with the Router and your wireless PC in the same room and move it away in small increments to determine the maximum range in your environment.

You may also try using different channels, as this may eliminate interference affecting only one channel.

I have excellent signal strength, but I cannot see my network. WEP is probably enabled on the Router, but not on your wireless adapter (or vice versa). Verify that the same WEP keys and levels (64 or 128) are being used on all nodes of your wireless network.

How many channels/frequencies are available with the Router? There are eleven available channels, ranging from 1 to 11 (in North and South America). Most of Europe supports thirteen channels (1 - 13). Refer to Appendix I: Regulatory Information for more information.

If your questions are not addressed here, refer to the Linksys website, www.linksys.com or www.linksys.com/international.

Appendix A: Troubleshooting Frequently Asked Questions 44

Appendix B: Wireless Security

Linksys wants to make wireless networking as safe and easy for you as possible. The current generation of Linksys products provide several network security features, but they require specific action on your part for implementation. So, keep the following in mind whenever you are setting up or using your wireless network.

Security Precautions

The following is a complete list of security precautions to take (at least steps 1 through 5 should be followed):

1. Change the default SSID.
2. Disable SSID Broadcast.
3. Change the default password for the Administrator account.
4. Enable MAC Address Filtering.
5. Change the SSID periodically.
6. Use the highest encryption algorithm possible. Use WPA if it is available. Please note that this may reduce your network performance.
7. Change the WEP encryption keys periodically.

For information on implementing these security features, refer to “Chapter 5: Configuring the Wireless-B Broadband Router.”

Security Threats Facing Wireless Networks

Wireless networks are easy to find. Hackers know that in order to join a wireless network, wireless networking products first listen for “beacon messages”. These messages can be easily decrypted and contain much of the network’s information, such as the network’s SSID (Service Set Identifier). Here are the steps you can take:

Change the administrator’s password regularly. With every wireless networking device you use, keep in mind that network settings (SSID, WEP keys, etc.) are stored in its firmware. Your network administrator is the only person who can change network settings. If a hacker gets a hold of the administrator’s password, he, too, can change those settings. So, make it harder for a hacker to get that information. Change the administrator’s password regularly.

Note: Some of these security features are available only through the network router or access point. Refer to the router or access point’s documentation for more information.

Appendix B: Wireless Security Security Precautions 45

SSID. There are several things to keep in mind about the SSID:

1. Disable Broadcast
2. Make it unique
3. Change it often

Most wireless networking devices will give you the option of broadcasting the SSID. While this option may be more convenient, it allows anyone to log into your wireless network. This includes hackers. So, don’t broadcast the SSID.

Wireless networking products come with a default SSID set by the factory. (The Linksys default SSID is “linksys”.) Hackers know these defaults and can check these against your network. Change your SSID to something unique and not something related to your company or the networking products you use.

Change your SSID regularly so that any hackers who have gained access to your wireless network will have to start from the beginning in trying to break in.

MAC Addresses. Enable MAC Address filtering. MAC Address filtering will allow you to provide access to only those wireless nodes with certain MAC Addresses. This makes it harder for a hacker to access your network with a random MAC Address.

WEP Encryption. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is often looked upon as a cure-all for wireless security concerns. This is overstating WEP’s ability. Again, this can only provide enough security to make a hacker’s job more difficult.

There are several ways that WEP can be maximized:

1. Use the highest level of encryption possible
2. Use a “Shared Key” authentication
3. Change your WEP key regularly

WPA. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is the newest and best available standard in Wi-Fi security. Two modes are often available: Pre-Shared Key and RADIUS. Pre-Shared Key gives you a choice of encryption methods, which are often TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol), which utilizes a stronger encryption method and incorporates Message Integrity Code (MIC) to provide protection against hackers, and AES (Advanced Encryption System), which utilizes a symmetric 128-Bit block data encryption. RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) utilizes a RADIUS server for authentication and the use of dynamic TKIP, AES, or WEP.

Important: Always remember that each device in your wireless network MUST use the same encryption method and encryption key or your wireless network will not function properly.

Note: This Router only provides TKIP encryption for Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA).

Appendix B: Wireless Security Security Threats Facing Wireless Networks 46

Wireless-B Broadband Router

WPA Pre-Shared Key. If you do not have a RADIUS server, select the type of algorithm, enter a password in the Pre-Shared key field of 8-64 characters, and enter a Group Key Renewal period time between 0 and 99,999 seconds, which instructs the Router how often it should change the encryption keys.

WPA RADIUS. WPA used in coordination with a RADIUS server. (This should only be used when a RADIUS server is connected to the Router.) First, select the type of WPA algorithm. Enter the RADIUS server’s IP Address and port number, along with a key shared between the Router and the server. Last, enter a Group Key Renewal period, which instructs the Router how often it should change the encryption keys.

RADIUS. WEP used in coordination with a RADIUS server. (This should only be used when a RADIUS server is connected to the Router.) First, enter the RADIUS server’s IP Address and port number, along with a key shared between the Router and the server. Then, select a WEP key and a level of WEP encryption, and either generate a WEP key through the Passphrase or enter the WEP key manually.

Implementing encryption may have a negative impact on your network’s performance, but if you are transmitting sensitive data over your network, encryption should be used.

These security recommendations should help keep your mind at ease while you are enjoying the most flexible and convenient technology Linksys has to offer.

Appendix B: Wireless Security Security Threats Facing Wireless Networks 47

Appendix C: Upgrading Firmware

The Access Point's firmware is upgraded through the Web-Utility's Help tab. Follow these instructions:

1. Open Linksys's website at www.linksys.com/international.
2. Select your region, if necessary, and country.
3. Select the Router from the Products tab.
4. Download the firmware from this screen.
5. Go to the Firmware Upgrade screen from the Web-Utility's Administration tab, and the Upgrade Firmware screen will appear.
6. Enter the location of the firmware's file or click the Browse button to find the file.
7. Then, click the Upgrade button to upgrade the firmware.

Figure C-1: Upgrade Firmware

Appendix C: Upgrading Firmware 48

Appendix D: Windows Help

Wireless products require Microsoft Windows. Windows is the most used operating system in the world and comes with many features that help make networking easier. These features can be accessed through Windows Help and are described in this appendix.

TCP/IP

Before a computer can communicate with the Router, TCP/IP must be enabled. TCP/IP is a set of instructions, or protocol, all PCs follow to communicate over a network. This is true for wireless networks as well. Your PCs will not be able to utilize wireless networking without having TCP/IP enabled. Windows Help provides complete instructions on enabling TCP/IP.

Shared Resources

If you wish to share printers, folder, or files over your network, Windows Help provides complete instructions on utilizing shared resources.

Network Neighborhood/My Network Places

Other PCs on your network will appear under Network Neighborhood or My Network Places (depending upon the version of Windows you're running). Windows Help provides complete instructions on adding PCs to your network.

Appendix D: Windows Help 49

Appendix E: Finding the MAC Address and IP Address for Your Ethernet Adapter

This section describes how to find the MAC address for your computer’s Ethernet adapter so you can use the MAC filtering and/or MAC address cloning feature of the Router. You can also find the IP address of your computer’s Ethernet adapter. This IP address is used for the Router’s filtering, forwarding, and/or DMZ features. Follow the steps in this appendix to find the adapter’s MAC or IP address in Windows 98, Me, 2000, or XP.

Windows 98 or Me Instructions

1. Click Start and Run. In the Open field, enter winipcfg. Then press the Enter key or the OK button.
2. When the IP Configuration screen appears, select the Ethernet adapter you have connected to the Router via a CAT 5 Ethernet network cable.
3. Write down the Adapter Address as shown on your computer screen. This is the MAC address for your Ethernet adapter and is shown as a series of numbers and letters.

The MAC address/Adapter Address is what you will use for MAC address cloning or MAC filtering.

The example in Figure E-3 shows the Ethernet adapter’s IP address as 192.168.1.100. Your computer may show something different.

Note: The MAC address is also called the Adapter Address.

Figure E-1: IP Configuration Screen

Windows 2000 or XP Instructions

1. Click Start and Run. In the Open field, enter cmd. Press the Enter key or click the OK button.
2. At the command prompt, enter ipconfig /all. Then press the Enter key.

Appendix E: Windows 98 or Me Instructions

Figure E-2: MAC Address/Adapter Address

50

3. Write down the Physical Address as shown on your computer screen; it is the MAC address for your Ethernet adapter. This appears as a series of numbers and letters.

The MAC address/Physical Address is what you will use for MAC address cloning or MAC filtering.

Note: The MAC address is also called the Physical Address.

The example in Figure E-3 shows the Ethernet adapter’s IP address as 192.168.1.100. Your computer may show something different.

Figure E-3: MAC Address/Physical Address

For the Router’s Web-based Utility

The MAC Address Clone screen is located on the Setup tab.

MAC Clone Service. To enable the function so you can clone a MAC address, select Enable from the drop-down list.

For MAC address cloning, enter the 12-digit MAC address in the MAC Address fields provided, two digits per field.

Figure E-4: MAC Address Clone

Appendix E: For the Router’s Web-based Utility 51

Appendix F: Glossary

802.11a - An IEEE wireless networking standard that specifies a maximum data transfer rate of 54Mbps and an operating frequency of 5GHz.

802.11b - An IEEE wireless networking standard that specifies a maximum data transfer rate of 11Mbps and an operating frequency of 2.4GHz.

802.11g - An IEEE wireless networking standard that specifies a maximum data transfer rate of 54Mbps, an operating frequency of 2.4GHz, and backward compatibility with 802.11b devices.

Access Point - Device that allows wireless-equipped computers and other devices to communicate with a wired network. Also used to expand the range of a wireless network.

Adapter - This is a device that adds network functionality to your PC.

Ad-hoc - A group of wireless devices communicating directly with each other (peer-to-peer) without the use of an access point.

Backbone - The part of a network that connects most of the systems and networks together, and handles the most data.

Bandwidth - The transmission capacity of a given device or network.

Beacon Interval - The frequency interval of the beacon, which is a packet broadcast by a router to synchronize a wireless network.

Bit - A binary digit.

Boot - To start a device and cause it to start executing instructions.

Bridge - A device that connects two different kinds of local networks, such as a wireless network to a wired Ethernet network.

Broadband - An always-on, fast Internet connection.

Browser - A browser is an application program that provides a way to look at and interact with all the information on the World Wide Web.

Appendix F: Glossary 52

Buffer - A block of memory that temporarily holds data to be worked on later when a device is currently too busy to accept the data.

Cable Modem - A device that connects a computer to the cable television network, which in turn connects to the Internet.

CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance) - A method of data transfer that is used to prevent data loss in a network.

CTS (Clear To Send) - A signal sent by a device to indicate that it is ready to receive data.

Daisy Chain - A method used to connect devices in a series, one after the other.

Database - A collection of data that is organized so that its contents can easily be accessed, managed, and updated.

DDNS (Dynamic Domain Name System) - The capability of having a website, FTP, or e-mail server-with a dynamic IP address-use a fixed domain name.

Default Gateway - A device that forwards Internet traffic from your local area network.

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) - A protocol that lets one device on a local network, known as a DHCP server, assign temporary IP addresses to the other network devices, typically computers.

DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) - Removes the Router's firewall protection from one PC, allowing it to be "seen" from the Internet.

DNS (Domain Name Server) - The IP address of your ISP's server, which translates the names of websites into IP addresses.

Domain - A specific name for a network of computers.

Download - To receive a file transmitted over a network.

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) - An always-on broadband connection over traditional phone lines.

DSSS (Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum) - A type of radio transmission technology that includes a redundant bit pattern to lessen the probability of data lost during transmission. Used in 802.11b networking.

DTIM (Delivery Traffic Indication Message) - A message included in data packets that can increase wireless efficiency.

Appendix F: Glossary 53

Dynamic IP Address - A temporary IP address assigned by a DHCP server.

Encryption - Encoding data to prevent it from being read by unauthorized people.

Ethernet - An IEEE standard network protocol that specifies how data is placed on and retrieved from a common transmission medium.

Finger - A program that tells you the name associated with an e-mail address.

Firewall - Security measures that protect the resources of a local network from intruders.

Firmware - 1. In network devices, the programming that runs the device. 2. Programming loaded into read-only memory (ROM) or programmable read-only memory (PROM) that cannot be altered by end-users.

Fragmentation - Breaking a packet into smaller units when transmitting over a network medium that cannot support the original size of the packet.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - A standard protocol for sending files between computers over a TCP/IP network and the Internet.

Full Duplex - The ability of a networking device to receive and transmit data simultaneously.

Gateway - A system that interconnects networks.

Half Duplex - Data transmission that can occur in two directions over a single line, but only one direction at a time.

Hardware - The physical aspect of computers, telecommunications, and other information technology devices.

HTTP (HyperText Transport Protocol) - The communications protocol used to connect to servers on the World Wide Web.

IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) - An independent institute that develops networking standards.

Infrastructure - Currently installed computing and networking equipment.

Infrastructure Mode - Configuration in which a wireless network is bridged to a wired network via an access point.

IP (Internet Protocol) - A protocol used to send data over a network.

IP Address - The address used to identify a computer or device on a network.

Appendix F: Glossary 54

IPCONFIG - A Windows 2000 and XP utility that displays the IP address for a particular networking device.

IPSec (Internet Protocol Security) - A VPN protocol used to implement secure exchange of packets at the IP layer.

ISM band - Radio band used in wireless networking transmissions.

ISP (Internet Service Provider) - A company that provides access to the Internet.

LAN (Local Area Network) - The computers and networking products that make up the network in your home or office.

MAC (Media Access Control) Address - The unique address that a manufacturer assigns to each networking device.

Mbps (Megabits Per Second) - One million bits per second; a unit of measurement for data transmission.

Multicasting - Sending data to a group of destinations at once.

NAT (Network Address Translation) - NAT technology translates IP addresses of a local area network to a different IP address for the Internet.

Network - A series of computers or devices connected for the purpose of data sharing, storage, and/or transmission between users.

NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol) - The protocol used to connect to Usenet groups on the Internet.

Node - A network junction or connection point, typically a computer or work station.

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) - A type of modulation technology that separates the data stream into a number of lower-speed data streams, which are then transmitted in parallel. Used in 802.11a, 802.11g, and powerline networking.

Packet - A unit of data sent over a network.

Passphrase - Used much like a password, a passphrase simplifies the WEP encryption process by automatically generating the WEP encryption keys for Linksys products.

Ping (Packet INternet Groper) - An Internet utility used to determine whether a particular IP address is online.

POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) - A standard protocol used to retrieve e-mail stored on a mail server.

Port - 1. The connection point on a computer or networking device used for plugging in a cable or an adapter. 2. The virtual connection point through which a computer uses a specific application on a server.

Appendix F: Glossary 55

PPPoE (Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet) - A type of broadband connection that provides authentication (username and password) in addition to data transport.

PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) - A VPN protocol that allows the Point to Point Protocol (PPP) to be tunneled through an IP network. This protocol is also used as a type of broadband connection in Europe.

Preamble - Part of the wireless signal that synchronizes network traffic.

RJ-45 (Registered Jack-45) - An Ethernet connector that holds up to eight wires.

Roaming - The ability to take a wireless device from one access point's range to another without losing the connection.

Router - A networking device that connects multiple networks together, such as a local network and the Internet.

RTS (Request To Send) - A packet sent when a computer has data to transmit. The computer will wait for a CTS (Clear To Send) message before sending data.

Server - Any computer whose function in a network is to provide user access to files, printing, communications, and other services.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - The standard e-mail protocol on the Internet.

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) - A widely used network monitoring and control protocol.

Software - Instructions for the computer. A series of instructions that performs a particular task is called a "program".

Spread Spectrum - Wideband radio frequency technique used for more reliable and secure data transmission.

SSID (Service Set IDentifier) - Your wireless network's name.

Static IP Address - A fixed address assigned to a computer or device that is connected to a network.

Static Routing - Forwarding data in a network via a fixed path.

Subnet Mask - An address code that determines the size of the network.

Switch - 1. Device that is the central point of connection for computers and other devices in a network, so data can be shared at full transmission speeds. 2. A device for making, breaking, or changing the connections in an electrical circuit.

Appendix F: Glossary 56

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) - A network protocol for transmitting data that requires acknowledgement from the recipient of data sent.

Telnet - A user command and TCP/IP protocol used for accessing remote PCs.

TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) - A version of the TCP/IP FTP protocol that uses UDP and has no directory or password capability.

Throughput - The amount of data moved successfully from one node to another in a given time period.

Topology - The physical layout of a network.

TX Rate - Transmission Rate.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) - A network protocol for transmitting data that does not require acknowledgement from the recipient of the data that is sent.

Upgrade - To replace existing software or firmware with a newer version.

Upload - To transmit a file over a network.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) - The address of a file located on the Internet.

VPN (Virtual Private Network) - A security measure to protect data as it leaves one network and goes to another over the Internet.

WAN (Wide Area Network) - The Internet.

WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) - A method of encrypting data transmitted on a wireless network for greater security.

WINIPCFG - A Windows 98 and Millennium utility that displays the IP address for a particular networking device.

WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) - A group of computers and associated devices that communicate with each other wirelessly.

Appendix F: Glossary 57

Appendix G: Specifications

Standards
IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.3u, IEEE 802.11b

Channels
11 Channels (US, Canada), 13 Channels (most of Europe)
14 Channels (Japan)

Ports
One 10/100 RJ-45 port for Cable/DSL Modem Connection
Four 10/100 RJ-45 Switched ports

Speed
10/100Mbps (Half Duplex) 20/200 (Full Duplex)

Cabling Type
UTP Category 5 or better

LEDs
Power, Internet, Ethernet, Wireless-B

Warranty
1-Year Limited

Dimensions
186 mm x 154 mm x 48 mm

Unit Weight
0.45 kg

Power
External, 12V DC, 1A

Certifications
FCC, CE, WiFi, UPnP

Operating Temp
0°C to 40°C

Storage Temp
-20°C to 70°C

Operating Humidity
10% to 85%, Non-Condensing

Storage Humidity
5% to 90%, Non-Condensing

Appendix H: Warranty Information

Linksys warrants to You that, for a period of one year (the “Warranty Period”), your Linksys Product will be substantially free of defects in materials and workmanship under normal use. Your exclusive remedy and Linksys' entire liability under this warranty will be for Linksys at its option to repair or replace the Product or refund Your purchase price less any rebates. This limited warranty extends only to the original purchaser.

If the Product proves defective during the Warranty Period call Linksys Technical Support in order to obtain a Return Authorization Number, if applicable. BE SURE TO HAVE YOUR PROOF OF PURCHASE ON HAND WHEN CALLING. If You are requested to return the Product, mark the Return Authorization Number clearly on the outside of the package and include a copy of your original proof of purchase. RETURN REQUESTS CANNOT BE PROCESSSED WITHOUT PROOF OF PURCHASE. You are responsible for shipping defective Products to Linksys. Linksys pays for UPS Ground shipping from Linksys back to You only. Customers located outside of the United States of America and Canada are responsible for all shipping and handling charges.

ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE LIMITED TO THE DURATION OF THE WARRANTY PERIOD. ALL OTHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED CONDITIONS, REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF NON-INFRINGEMENT, ARE DISCLAIMED. Some jurisdictions do not allow limitations on how long an implied warranty lasts, so the above limitation may not apply to You. This warranty gives You specific legal rights, and You may also have other rights which vary by jurisdiction.

This warranty does not apply if the Product (a) has been altered, except by Linksys, (b) has not been installed, operated, repaired, or maintained in accordance with instructions supplied by Linksys, or (c) has been subjected to abnormal physical or electrical stress, misuse, negligence, or accident. In addition, due to the continual development of new techniques for intruding upon and attacking networks, Linksys does not warrant that the Product will be free of vulnerability to intrusion or attack.

TO THE EXTENT NOT PROHIBITED BY LAW, IN NO EVENT WILL LINKSYS BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOST DATA, REVENUE OR PROFIT, OR FOR SPECIAL, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES, REGARDLESS OF THE THEORY OF LIABILITY (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), ARISING OUT OF OR RELATED TO THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THE PRODUCT (INCLUDING ANY SOFTWARE), EVEN IF LINKSYS HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. IN NO EVENT WILL LINKSYS’ LIABILITY EXCEED THE AMOUNT PAID BY YOU FOR THE PRODUCT. The foregoing limitations will apply even if any warranty or remedy provided under this Agreement fails of its essential purpose. Some jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to You.

This Warranty is valid and may be processed only in the country of purchase.

Please direct all inquiries to: Linksys, P.O. Box 18558, Irvine, CA 92623.

Appendix H: Warranty Information 59

Appendix I: Regulatory Information

FCC STATEMENT

This product has been tested and complies with the specifications for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used according to the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which is found by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:

• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna • Increase the separation between the equipment or devices • Connect the equipment to an outlet other than the receiver's • Consult a dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for assistance

FCC Radiation Exposure Statement This equipment complies with FCC radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment. This equipment should be installed and operated with minimum distance 20cm between the radiator and your body.

INDUSTRY CANADA (CANADA)

This Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003. Cet appareil numérique de la classe B est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du Canada. The use of this device in a system operating either partially or completely outdoors may require the user to obtain a license for the system according to the Canadian regulations.

EC DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY (EUROPE)

Linksys declares that the Wireless-B Broadband Router conforms to the specifications listed below, following the provisions of the European R&TTE directive 1999/5/EC:

• EN 301 489-1, 301 489-17 EMC requirements for Radio equipment. • EN 609 50 Safety • EN 300-328-1, EN 300-328-2 Technical requirements for Radio equipment.

Appendix I: Regulatory Information 60

Caution: This equipment is intended to be used in all EU and EFTA countries. Outdoor use may be restricted to certain frequencies and/or may require a license for operation. Contact local Authority for procedure to follow.

Note: Combinations of power levels and antennas resulting in a radiated power level of above 100 mW equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) are considered as not compliant with the above mentioned directive and are not allowed for use within the European community and countries that have adopted the European R&TTE directive 1999/5/EC.

For more details on legal combinations of power levels and antennas, contact Linksys Corporate Compliance.

• Linksys vakuuttaa täten että Wireless-B Broadband Router tyyppinen laite on direktiivin 1999/5/EY oleellisten vaatimusten ja sitä koskevien näiden direktiivien muiden ehtojen mukainen.

• Linksys Group déclare le Routeur d'accès sans fil-B est conforme aux conditions essentielles et aux dispositions relatives à la directive 1999/5/EC.

• Belgique:

  Dans le cas d'une utilisation privée, à l'extérieur d'un bâtiment, au-dessus d'un espace public, aucun enregistrement n'est nécessaire pour une distance de moins de 300m. Pour une distance supérieure à 300m un enregistrement auprès de l'IBPT est requise. Pour une utilisation publique à l'extérieur de bâtiments, une licence de l'IBPT est requise. Pour les enregistrements et licences, veuillez contacter l'IBPT.

• France F:

  2.4 GHz Bande : les canaux 10, 11, 12, 13 (2457, 2462, 2467, et 2472 MHz respectivement) sont complétement libres d'utilisation en France (en utilisation intérieur). Pour ce qui est des autres canaux, ils peuvent être soumis à autorisation selon le département. L'utilisation en extérieur est soumis à autorisation préalable et très restreint.

  Vous pouvez contacter l'Autorité de Régulation des Télécommunications (http://www.art-telecom.fr) pour de plus amples renseignements.

Appendix I: Regulatory Information 61

Appendix J: Contact Information

Need to contact Linksys? Visit us online for information on the latest products and updates to your existing products at: http://www.linksys.com/international

If you experience problems with any Linksys product, you can e-mail us at:

Appendix J: Contact Information 62